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Kadish Workshop in Law, Philosophy, and Political Theory: Sophie Smith, University of Oxford

Friday, April 11, 2025 @ 12:00 pm - 2:00 pm

Okin and Rawls, Feminism and Liberalism, History and Philosophy

Abstract 

From the moment A Theory of Justice (1971) was published, feminist readers – both inside and outside the academy – critically engaged with John Rawls’s work. Strikingly, histories of Rawls and his legacies, as well as the multiple textbooks and edited collections that reconstruct his arguments, have little to say about Rawls’s feminist interlocutors. Many appear to think that the silence is warranted – because feminist criticisms missed their mark and (for that reason) were not taken particularly seriously by Rawls himself. In fact, there is ample evidence of the seriousness with which Rawls engaged with certain feminist criticisms of his theory, and of his repeated, if often unsuccessful, attempts to adapt his framework in response. Rather than reflecting Rawls’s own justified disinterest in his feminist critics, the silence of the contemporary Rawls literature on Rawls’s feminist interlocutors replicates a dismissal they often encountered from the outset, from many of Rawls’s readers if not from Rawls himself. Nowhere is this truer than in the case of his sixteen-year engagement, in print but primarily in private, with the feminist theorist Susan Okin. Drawing on their letters, articles and seminar notes I reconstruct the ways that Okin shaped and challenged Rawls’s thinking: about gender and the family, the basic structure and how the principles of justice relate to it, and the primacy of freedom of religion. I also examine how, through her engagement with Rawls, aspects of Okin’s own feminism were defanged. 
 
This paper seeks to establish a series of historical claims: the influence of feminism on Rawls; the difficulty he faced in responding to certain feminist criticisms; the tensions that emerged in his theory as he tried to do so; the distorting effects of sexism in the academy; and the role of certain academic feminists in policing which feminist arguments were given prominence in academic political philosophy. It also has historiographical aims – not least, to show how contemporary ‘archival’ histories too often uncritically take up and reproduce assumptions originating with Rawls’s own friends and students, assumptions that fail to withstand historical scrutiny. Beyond these historical and historiographical concerns, I also defend the value of historicizing political philosophy (at least in principle) against the skepticism of more philosophically inclined readers, arguing that such an approach has not only historical but also philosophical significance.
 
In order to represent the past accurately, and to account for the relevance of this history for the present, this paper will use words that are currently flagged by several US federal agencies for removal from public-facing websites. Among them: gender, feminism, racism, sex, bias, activism, identity, political, prejudice, marginalize, oppression, oppressive, equality, inequality, historically, discrimination, and women. 

 

About Sophie Smith, University of Oxford:

Sophie Smith is an Associate Professor of Political Theory in the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Oxford and a Tutorial Fellow at University College. She is also an Executive Editor at the Journal of the History of Ideas.

In 2016-2017 she was also the Quentin Skinner Fellow at CRASSH at the University of Cambridge.

She completed her PhD in the History of Political Thought at the University of Cambridge (Trinity College) under the supervision of Annabel Brett, after an MPhil in Political Thought and Intellectual History and a BA in History, both also from the University of Cambridge. Her PhD thesis won the 2015 Prince Consort Prize and Seeley Medal for best dissertation from the History Faculty at the University of Cambridge. After this she was a Junior Research Fellow at Christ Church, University of Oxford.

She is primarily a historian of political thought. Her two main areas of research are early modern political ideas and twentieth century intellectual history, especially the history of feminist politics and political theory.

In early modernity, she has written on the history of European ideas of democracy, empire and the state, of citizenship and slavery, and on arguments about the nature and purpose of political philosophy itself. She is especially interested in the relationship between philosophy, politics and imaginative literature in this period, the early modern reception of Aristotle’s Politics and the political philosophy of Thomas Hobbes. She is currently editing The Cambridge History of Democracy: 1200-1800.

Her interest in the project and politics of political theory extends to her work on feminism. One focus of her research, much of which involves unpublished archival material, is on the ways that feminist authors across the twentieth century theorised in response to questions that are still with us: about work and social reproduction, coalition and collective action. She is also interested in the intersections between activist and academic approaches to feminist theory, about feminist engagements with so-called ‘mainstream’ political theory and about what these histories suggest for the future of feminist inquiry.

Finally, she is interested in the history of historiography, that is, in the history of historical writing. Here she is particularly concerned with the ways that contemporary intellectual historians and political theorists writing about the past reproduce (wittingly or otherwise) the occlusions of their predecessors, and she is also interested in thinking about the non-obvious reasons why this might matter.  She has written in this regard about the historiographies of 20th century political philosophy and political theory and of women’s intellectual history.

 

About the workshop:

A workshop for presenting and discussing work in progress in moral, political, and legal theory. The central aim is to provide an opportunity for students to engage with philosophers, political theorists, and legal scholars working on normative questions. Another aim is to bring together people from different disciplines who have strong normative interests or who speak to issues of potential interest to philosophers and political theorists.

The theme for Spring 2025 is “Critics of Liberalism,” and we will host scholars working in Philosophy, Law, History, and Political Science. Our underlying concern will be the normative critiques of substantive liberal ideas from both the left and right, as well as staunch defenders of liberalism.

This semester the workshop is co-taught by Joshua Cohen and Desmond Jagmohan.

Venue

170 Law Building

Organizer

Kadish Center for Morality, Law and Public Affairs
Email:
jrmcbride@law.berkeley.edu
Website:
View Organizer Website

These events are open only to UC Berkeley Law students, faculty, and staff, unless otherwise noted.

Events are wheelchair accessible. For disability-related accommodations, contact the organizer of the event. Advance notice is kindly requested..

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